67 / 74
65
poisons), transfusion of incompatible blood, obstructions in the urinary tract
(blockage by the stone, the compression by the tumor).
In some cases, there is frequent urination –
pollakiuria
, frequent urination
(more than 4–7 times a day) is usually a sign of cystitis. Rare urination called
ollakiuria; frequent, difficult and painful urination –
stranguria
. In diseases
of the prostate (cancer, prostatitis) is difficult urination with thin, intermittent
trickle.
Urinary incontinence
is involuntary urination without urges, may
be
involuntary urination
– the inability to hold urine during the urge. In certain
pathological conditions, patient urinates more at night than during the day
(
nicturia
). Nicturia in a healthy person may be associated with taking a large
amount of fluid before bedtime. Nicturia and daytime oliguria is observed in
cardiac decompensation and is explained by the improvement of renal function
at night, at rest (cardiac nicturia).
Acute urinary retention (ischuria)
may occur at the next cases: in the first
days after surgery and labor; after injuries; due to psychological reaction to the
need to use the bedpan; in diseases of the nervous system due to a violation of
the regulation of the act of urination; as a result of compression of the urethra by
the prostate gland; due to a violation of the passage of the urethra (stone, tumor,
inflammation, scarring).
The sequence of actions to assist in acute urinary retention.
The nurse should attempt to trigger a urination reflex:
1. Turn on the water tap.
2. If there are no contraindications – wash the patient intimately.
3. Due to doctor’s prescription make a warm bath for the patient (men).
4. If there are no contraindications, change the position of the patient.
5. Isolate the patient from the others in the ward with the screen.
6. On doctor’s prescription enter spasmolytics.
If these measures are ineffective, catheterization is performed by a doctor’s
prescription.
Urine bladder catheterization
When performing catheterization, the nurse should remember:
1. catheterization is performed only with a soft rubber catheter;
2. if an obstacle is felt during the introduction of the catheter, do not over-
come it by force, as this can cause damage to the mucous membrane of the
urethra;