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173 graduated with honours. By 22 he had defended his doctoral thesis. By 27 he had already become a professor of surgery at the University of Dorpat (now Tartu, Estonia), one of the largest in Europe at that time. At 30 he returned to Russia and headed the department of hospital surgery at St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy. He did research into anatomy and surgery. Pirogov was the first in many respects. He was the founder of topographic anatomy and field surgery. The physician took part in four wars. He was one of the first surgeons in Europe to use ether as an anaesthetic drug. In 1847 in the Caucasus and in 1855 in Crimea Pirogov performed about 10,000 operations under anaesthesia. He was the first to operate on patients who had bullet wounds in the abdomen. He was the first in Russia to perform plastic surgery. He also performed an unprecedented osteoplastic surgery. Moreover, Pirogov developed his own technique of using plaster casts. It helped to avoid amputations. Pirogov’s methods are among the basic methods in studying and teaching anatomy. The first anatomical atlas created by the scientist is still used by medical students. 3. Find the English equivalents for the following word combinations in the text: один из самых выдающихся хирургов невероятная история жизни свободно говорить на иностранных языках окончить с отличием защитить докторскую диссертацию возглавить кафедру во многих отношениях основатель военно-полевой хирургии использовать эфир в качестве наркоза под наркозом оперировать больных сделать пластическую операцию провести беспрецедентную операцию разработать технологию избежать ампутаций