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178 14. Read the text and answer the questions. NOBEL PRIZES IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded once a year for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine. It is one of five Nobel Prizes established by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel in 1895. He was personally interested in experimental physiology and wanted to establish a prize for progress through scientific discoveries in laboratories. The Nobel PrizeAward Ceremony takes place in Stockholm on 10 December. Up to 2013 the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded 104 times to 204 Nobel Laureates. The first Nobel Prize in this field was awarded in 1901 to German physiologist Emil Adolf von Behring for the development of the diphtheria and tetanus vaccines. To date, the youngest Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine is Canadian scientist Frederick G. Banting, who was 32 years old when he was awarded the prize for the discovery of insulin in 1923. The first woman to receive theMedicine Prizewas American biochemist Gerty Cori. She got it in 1947 for her role in explaining the metabolism of glucose, important aspect of treatment for diabetes. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine also went to Russian scientists. In 1904 Ivan Pavlov received the prize for his work on the physiology of digestion. In 1908 the prize was awarded to Ilya Mechnikov and Paul Ehrlich for their work on phagocytosis. 1) What is the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine awarded for? 2) Who established the prize? 3) When and where does the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony happen? 4) Who was the first person to receive the Medicine Prize? What was he awarded the prize for? 5) How old was the youngest Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine? 6) What was Gerty Cori famous for? 7) What Russian scientists received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine? What discoveries did they make? 15. Listening. A) Listen to the text. What medical discovery is it about? B) Listen again and answer the questions. 1) What is penicillin? 2) What illnesses can antibiotics cure?