000295

182 3. Becoming famous a) What were the most important events in their life? b) When did they first become well known? c) What discoveries did they make? d) When did they receive the Noble prize in Medicine and Physiology? 4. Later life a) When did they die? b) Where did they die? c) How are they remembered today? 5. Your feelings about the person a) What are your feelings about the person? (Do you admire them, feel sorry for them, find their ideas ingenious, etc.) b) Why do you feel this way about them? c) What do you feel were the most important things they did? 21. Additional reading. Translate the text. THE GREATEST DISCOVERIES IN MEDICINE Here are some of the greatest discoveries in medicine of all time, showing how some medical breakthroughs have revolutionized the world. • Vaccination. The first successful vaccine was introduced by English physician Edward Jenner in 1796. He found out that by deliberately infecting people with cowpox (a disease of cows) he could prevent them from catching smallpox, a serious human disease, and that this was safer than inoculation with smallpox, which had been done previously. • Germ Theory. The germ theory states that some diseases are caused by microorganisms. The theory was proved by French chemist Louis Pasteur in the 1860s. In the following decades, German scientist Robert Koch developed Pasteur’s work and formulated four postulates to establish a causal relationship between a causative agent and a disease. • X-ray. German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen is the discoverer of X-rays. The discovery is considered to be one of themost important discoveries of all-time. X-rays allow us to see inside the human body, without having to perform dangerous surgeries. With the use of X-rays in medicine, scientists have been able to find the causes of many diseases, and how to treat them. • Vitamins. The study of vitamins and their role in cellular health began in the 19th century and continued into the 1900s . In 1881 Russian scientist