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70 Grammar tips: Past Perfect (had + V 3 ) + – ? I/you/he/she/it/we/they had operated. I/you/he/she/it/we/ they had not (hadn’t) operated. Had I/you/he/she/it/we/ they operated? I/you/he/she/it/we/they had left. I/you/he/she/it/we/ they had not (hadn’t) left. Had I/you/he/she/it/we/ they left? Past Perfect обозначает действие, которое завершилось до опреде- ленного момента в прошлом , например: By 6 p.m. yesterday I had done my homework. – Вчера к 6 часам вече- ра я сделал домашнюю работу. By July she had passed her exam on Biology. – К июлю она сдала экзамен по биологии. When I came home my mother had already cooked dinner. – К тому моменту, как я пришел домой, мама уже приготовила ужин. Словами-указателями могут послужить, к примеру, следующие вы- ражения: by that time, by 3 o’clock, by the end of June, by Tuesday Сравните: By yesterday I had sent her an e-mail (действие завершилось уже до вчерашнего дня). Yesterday I sent her an e-mail (действие произошло вчера). Примечание: Если действия произошли друг за другом, то употре- бляется время Past Simple: I got up, had breakfast and left for medical academy. Сравните предложения: When I came to academy, the lesson had started. When I came to academy, the lesson started. 9. Найдите в тексте “AWorld-Famous Russian Surgeon” глаголы в Past Perfect и объясните их употребление в предложениях.