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26 The course of study lasts 5 years and covers basic preclinical and clinical subjects. During the frst two years students study physics as well as general, or‑ ganic, inorganic and biological chemistry. The students also study human anatomy, physiology, histology, microbiology, Latin, a foreign language and philosophy. Special clinical subjects are introduced when students start studying the four principal divisions of stomatology that are recognized in curricula in Russia: – therapeutic stomatology (cariology, conservative dentistry, endodon‑ tics, periodontology, oral medicine); – oral surgery (minor and major, traumatology, oncology and anesthetics); – pediatric dentistry (pedodontics, orthodontics and surgery of dento- facial anomalies); – orthopedic dentistry (occlusion, crown and bridge, prosthetics, materials). At the end of frst and second year students take a summer practical course. They perform the duties of nurses. After their third year students take another practical course during which they are exposed to direct doctor- patient communication at the department of therapeutic stomatology. Work‑ ing as doctor’s assistants, students master a definit number of medical and diagnostic procedures. The fourth year students have practical courses at the departments of surgery and orthopedics. During the fial year of training students apply their practical skills at the department of pediatric dentistry. The instruction at higher schools is given through lectures, group instruc‑ tion and practical classes. The attendance at lectures and classes is compul‑ sory for all students. The graduate medical students take a fial state examination which includes theoretical questions in clinical subjects. The graduates also have to demonstrate their practical skills and fially they have interviews during which they must show their best in diagnosing and treating clinical cases. Those who have passed the examination receive their diploma, which certifie them as doctors. Having received a diploma they may do a residency course qualifying them as narrow specialists. New specialists work under the supervision of experienced specialists in clinics and in major hospitals. Medical graduates can also apply for the post-graduate training. For three years post-graduates do research into one of the important problems of modern medicine, prepare a thesis, defend it, and obtain an academic degree of Candidate of Medical Science.