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35 Reading 1 15. Read and translate the text. The Human Body The human body is made up of cells. The cells form tissues. There are four basic tissues: epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, connective tissue and nerve tissue. Each organ is composed of several kinds of tissue. Organs working together to perform complex functions are grouped into systems. There are the following systems: digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproduc‑ tive, endocrine, nervous, cardiovascular, muscular, and skeletal. There are three chief parts of the human body: the head, the trunk and the limbs (or extremities). The head encloses the brain. The head is connected to the trunk by the neck. The trunk consists of the chest, the belly (or abdo‑ men) and the back. The trunk is divided into two large cavities by the dia‑ phragm. The chest (or thorax) is the upper of these cavities, the abdomen is the lower. The chest contains the heart and lungs. In the abdomen there is the stomach, the liver, the gallbladder, kidneys, the urinary bladder and the bowels (or intestines). We have four limbs: two arms and two legs. The upper extremity is di‑ vided into the shoulder, the upper arm, the forearm and the hand. Between the upper arm and the forearm there is the elbow. The joint between the forearm and the hand is called the wrist. Each hand has four figers and one thumb. At the tips of the figers there are figernails. The parts of the lower extremity are the thigh (hip), the lower leg and the foot. The back of the lower leg is called the calf. Between the thigh and the lower leg there is the knee. The joints between the lower leg and the feet are the ankles. The foot consists of the heel, the sole, the ball of the foot, the instep and the toes. 16. What sentences in the text give us the following information? 1. There are several kinds of tissue. 2. Organs form systems. 3. The hu‑ man body consists of three parts. 4. There are two cavities in the trunk. 5. The gallbladder is an organ in the belly. 6. The forearm is the part of the upper extremity. 7. The ankle is a joint. 17. Using the text, describe the following anatomical structures: 1) Organ, 2) system of the body, 3) neck, 4) chest, 5) abdomen, 6) elbow, 7) wrist, 8) calf, 9) stomach, 10) kidneys.