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94 The Black’s Classification of Carious Lesions Edward Hartley Angle Born in 1855, this American dentist is known as the «father of mod‑ ern orthodontics». Edward dedicated his life to standardizing, teaching, and practicing orthodontics. Known for his Angles Classifcation which is still used widely today by both general dentists and orthodontists, he also coined the term ‘malocclusion’. Angle went on to invent many appliances for or‑ thodontic treatment and devised numerous surgical techniques. William Thomas Green Morton and Horace Wells The pain from dental work was so excruciating that people often avoided seeing dentists. American dentists Horace Wells and William Thomas Green Morton are both considered the founding fathers of general anaesthesia. Wells, who worked with nitrous oxide, conducted his frst anaesthetized sur‑ gery in 1844. Around the same time, Morton demonstrated the use of ether as a general anaesthetic. Charles Stent An English dentist, born in 1807, Stent actually perfected the dental im‑ pression material used for denture making during his time. Later, in 1916, a Dutch plastic surgeon used this material to support facial tissues as a form of facial reconstruction, and thus coining the term ‘stents’. Today, although stents are made of newer materials, the term ‘stent’ is still used to describe materials used to hold open bodily structures such as cardiac vessels during angioplasties. Per-Ingvar Brеnemark Brеnemark was not actually a dentist, but rather a Swedish orthopedic surgeon. He is considered to be the «father of modern dental implantology». Born in 1929, Brеnemark studied osseointegration (the fusion of bone to foreign material) and came up with implant methods. Today, the Brеnemark System of dental implants is still used and is currently available from a pri‑ vate dental manufacturer.