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43 2. Functional (forced) position in shortness of breath, ways to create a comfortable position for the patient in bed, the appointment of a headrest, the use of a functional bed. 3. Methods of oxygenotherapy. Methods of wetting of oxygen. 4. Rules for collecting sputum in measuring glasses during the day, in pocket spittoons. Disinfection of spittoons. Sending sputum to the lab. the student must be able to do: 1. To teach the patient to use the spittoon and to make its sanitary and hygienic treatment. 2. To count the respiratory movements. 3. To characterize the patient’s breathing. 4. To use a pocket inhaler. 5. To give to the patient humidified oxygen. 6. To collect the sputum and send it to the lab. 7. To make inhalation through the nebulizer. 8. To get oxygen into the oxygen cushion. 9. To carry out the inhalation of oxygen through the oxygen cushion, oxygen concentrator. 10. To teach the patient the rules of sputum collection for various studies. Content of training material The main characteristics of breathing are frequency, rhythm, depth, type of breathing. In a healthy person, the frequency of respiratory movements (respiratory rate – RR) per minute ranges from 16 to 20, in average 18 respiratory movements per minute. The action of one inhalation and exhalation is called breathing motion. Often breathing – tachypnea (RR is more than 20 per 1 minute) is observed at high temperature, decreasing of the respiratory surface of the lungs, pulmonary edema. Rare respiratory movements called bradypnea (RR is less than 16 per minute) and is observed in diseases of the brain and its membranes, in obstacles to the entry of air into the lung (compression of the trachea by a tumor). Breathing rhythm : in a healthy person, breathing is performed rhythmically, that is expressed by the same duration and the same depth of each respiratory movement. The depth of breathing : it can be superficial (in emphysema, pleurisy, double-sided pneumonia, etc.), deep (in physical training, emotional stress, fever, diabetic coma, etc.) and medium-depth breathing (in a healthy person).