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53 4. Provide fresh air through the window. 5. Spend oxygen therapy: oxygen supply with antifoam. Acute vascular insufficiency  – syndrome of acute violation (falling) of vascular tone. The main manifestations: fainting, shock, collapse. Fainting is a variant of acute vascular insufficiency, short-term loss of con- sciousness, due to acute insufficiency of blood supply to the brain. The causes are: vegetative-vascular dystonia, internal bleeding, heart rhythm disorders, la- bility of the nervous system, fatigue, lack of sleep, significant physical activity, being in a stuffy room psycho-emotional shock, severe pain, fear. Fainting often happens in individuals with the asthenic constitution. Clinic: loss of consciousness is often preceded by dizziness, tinnitus, dark- ening of the eyes, a feeling of nausea, etc. The patient is pale, covered with cold sticky sweat, he has sharply reduced blood pressure, the pulse becomes thready. Usually fainting occurs in the vertical position of the patient; in the horizontal position the blood flow to the brain increases, and consciousness is restored after 20–30 seconds. Help in fainting 1. To give a horizontal position with raised legs (to secure the flow of blood to the head). 2. Free the patient from embarrassing clothes. 3. Provide fresh air. 4. You can use stimuli: spray on the face with cold water, bring to the nose cotton wool soaked in ammonia (to activate the breath center). Collapse  is a form of acute vascular insufficiency with a sharp decrease in blood pressure and peripheral circulation disorder that occurs when the vascular tone drops or a rapid decrease of blood circulation. Causes: infectious diseases, heavy blood loss, heavy vomiting, diarrhea, accompanied by the loss of a large amount of fluid. First aid: 1. Immediately call a doctor through a third person. 2. Put the patient in a horizontal position with a raised foot end. 3. Provide fresh air. 4. To warm the patient (to impose heaters, to cover with a blanket). 5. Monitor BP, pulse, respiratory rate.