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64 THEME 11: OBSERVATION AND CARE OF PATIENTS WITH URI- NARY SYSTEM DYSFUNCTION Purpose : to form knowledge of the main symptoms of diseases of the urinary system and skills of care for this category of patients. As a result of studying the topic, the student must know: 1. The main symptoms of diseases of the urinary system. 2. Signs of renal colic, first aid. 3. Signs of acute urinary retention, first aid. 4. Technique of catheterization, preparation of the patient. Indications, contraindications. Types of catheters. 5. Determination of daily diuresis and water balance. the student must be able to do: 1. To conduct catheterization of the urine bladder of women and men, filling the bladder before ultrasound examination of the pelvic organs (on the simulator). 2. To teach the patient giving of urine for the general analysis, for Nechiporenko and Zimnitsky analysis. 3. To calculate the daily diuresis of the patient. 4. To teach the patient to use a urinal. Content of training material The main symptoms of diseases of the urinary system The most common symptoms of kidney and urinary tract diseases are pain in the lower abdomen or lower back, diuresis disorder (a syndrome characterized by a violation of the formation and excretion of urine, which manifests in the change of the total amount of urine released per day and the daily rhythm of urine separation. Normally, a healthy organism emits 60–80% of the liquid consumed with urine), change in the amount of urine, change the color of urine body temperature, swelling, increased arterial pressure. Increasing the daily amount of urine (more than 2 liters) is called polyuria . Polyuria may have both renal (chronic nephritis, chronic pyelonephritis) and extrarenal origin (convergence of edema, diabetes mellitus, diabetis insipidus). The decreasing in urine output per day (less than 600 ml) is called oliguria. Oliguria may be extrarenal (increased sweating in hot climates, severe vomiting, diarrhea, decompensation in cardiac patients) and renal (acute nephritis). Complete cessation of urine is called anuria. Causes of anuria may be such as severe form of acute nephritis, nephronekrosis (poisoning nephrotoxic