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77 Types of urinary excretion disorders: pollakiuria (frequent urination); ollaki- uria (rare urination); stranguria (difficult and painful urination); ischuria – uri- nary retention, inability to empty the bladder, despite its overflow with urine. uri- nary incontinence (involuntary urination without the urge); urinary incontinence (inability to hold the urine when the urge); nocturia (more urine is separated during the night than during the day). • Changes in the color of urine. The color of urine can be red, brown-red (blood admixture, the presence of certain drugs-amidopyrin), beer color (the pres- ence of bile pigments), orange (increased urobilin content), milky white (with phos- phaturia and lipuria), black (hemoglobinuria). Urine the color of «meat slops» is characteristic of glomerulonephritis, with microbial and inflammatory lesions (py- elonephritis, cystitis, urethritis) – the urine is cloudy. • An increase in body temperature  in patients with kidney diseases may be as- sociated with the renal process itself, or serve as a manifestation of the disease in which there is kidney damage. Fever of patients with renal pathology can be a sign of infec- tions (for example, fever with frequent chills and profuse sweat in acute pyelonephritis, apostematous nephritis), tumors, drug complications, nephrotic crisis in nephrotic syn- drome. Prolonged subfebrile temperature is observed in kidney tuberculosis. • Pain with characteristic localization. So, pain of renal origin is more often localized in the lumbar region (pyelonephritis), when the ureters are affected – ac- cording to their course, when the bladder is affected – in the lower abdomen and above the pubis. An attack of sharp pain in the lower back is called renal colic, observed in urolithiasis, associated with the movement of the stone. In cases where the stone is located in the lower parts of the ureter, the pain may concentrate in the lower abdomen and radiate to the groin area. The occurrence of pain is associated with microbial-inflammatory lesions of the renal pelvis (pyelonephritis), urethra (urethritis), bladder (cystitis), from the movement of the stone (urolithiasis). With pyelonephritis, the pain is dull, less often acute, often in one half of the lower back, sometimes 2 – sided-this is the priority problem of a patient with pyelo- nephritis. With inflammation of the bladder (cystitis) and tuberculosis of the urinary system, there is a dull and sharp pain in the lower abdomen. With inflammation of the urethra (urethritis), pain occurs when urinating, causing a burning sensation. It is necessary to establish conditions that contribute to the reduction or disap- pearance of pain. For example, with renal colic, pain is relieved after an injection of atropine, from a hot water bottle or a hot bath, due to the removal of a spasm of smooth muscles. Pain with a mobile kidney can calm down when the patient’s body position changes, accompanied by the movement of the kidney and the restoration of urine outflow. Pain in acute paranephritis is somewhat reduced from an ice pack placed on the lower back, as well as from taking analgesics. Specify the conditions under which pain occurs (walking, exercise, shaking).