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44 Type of breathing 1. breast type is typical for women; 2. abdominal (diaphragmatic) type is typical for men; 3. mixed type characteristic is usual for children and the elderly. Breathing monitoring should be carried out unnoticed by the patient, as it can change the frequency, depth and rhythm of breathing. To determine the RR, you need to take the patient’s hand, as for the study of the pulse on the radial artery, to divert the patient’s attention, and the other hand put on the chest (with thoracic type of breathing) or epigastric region (with abdominal type of breathing) of the patient and follow the eyes of the chest movement. Respiratory movements are counted for 1 minute. The data is recorded in the temperature sheet. The main symptoms of respiratory diseases Shortness of breath (dyspnea) is a disorder of frequency, rhythm and depth of respiration with disturbance of the correlation of the inhalation and exhalation phases, the patient has a sensation of shortage of air. Shortness of breath may be: • physiological (observed in healthy individuals after physical or emotional stress); • pathological (observed in diseases of the lungs, heart, brain, etc.); • subjective (the patient feels shortness of breath, but nurse does not deter- mined it objectively); • objective (there are objective signs of shortness of breath). Depending on the causes and mechanism of its occurrence, shortness of breath can be pulmonary, cardiac, hematogenous, neurogenic, etc. Due to disturbance of the breathing phases (inhalation and exhalation) dyspnea may be: 1. inspiratory, when inhaling is difficult, it can be in a mechanical obstruc- tion in the upper respiratory tract, stenosis of the larynx, spasm of the glottis, the foreign body; 2. expiratory with problems in exhalation, it occurs in spasm of the bronchial tubes, bronchial asthma, emphysema; 3. mixed in breathing with difficulties in inhaling and exhaling, observed in decreasing of the respiratory surface of the lungs. Dyspnea with rhythm and depth of breathing disturbances is observed in the depression of the respiratory center: in comas, in brain diseases, in circulatory disorders, in drug poisoning.