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60 6. Accompany the patient to the endoscopic office with the «Medical card». 7. Premedication is performed by a nurse in the endoscoping room. Rectoromanoscopy  is an endoscopic examination of the rectum and sigmoid colon using a rectoscope. Indications: diagnostic of inflammatory, erosive and ulcerative processes in the distal colon; dysfunction of the colon; tumors of the rectum and sigmoid colon; hemorrhoids; microbiological study (dysentery) by taking a smear or scraping from the mucosa; cytological study by taking biopsy. Contraindications: severe diseases of the cardiovascular system; acute abdomen; hemorrhoids in the acute stage; pregnancy. The sequence of actions in patient preparation for the procedure. 1. Get the patient’s consent to the procedure. 2. Before the study, a light dinner should be no later than at 19 hours (exclude black bread, milk, fruits, vegetables). 3. In the evening before the study to the patients with long-term constipation laxative is necessary (30 ml of castor oil or cleansing enema). 4. In the morning, no later than 2 hours before study – 2–3 cleansing enemas. 5. The study is conducted on an empty stomach. 6. Inform the patient that the intimate areas will be covered. 7. Before the procedure, the patient must empty the urine bladder. 8. Follow the patient to the endoscopic room. Colonoscopy  is an endoscopic study of the proximal colon using endoscopes with fiber optics (colonoscope). Indications : diagnostic of diseases of the colon. The sequence of actions in the patient preparation. For 3–5 days before the study special diet is assigned to avoid meteorism, 2 days before the study, the patient receives a laxative. On the evening before investigation at 18 hours patient has a light dinner, at 21 hours he is put 2–3 cleansing enemas (to clean water). The study is conducted on an empty stomach in the morning. 1. 2 hours before the study 2 cleansing enemas should be done. 2. in 30minutes before the study premedication is on the doctor’s prescription. X‑ray methods of examination of the digestive system X‑ray examination of the stomach and duodenum The aim of investigation is diagnostic of diseases of the stomach and duodenum.